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		<title>Romania will host elements of the US missile shield</title>
		<link>http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/02/05/romania-will-host-elements-of-the-us-missile-shield/</link>
		<comments>http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/02/05/romania-will-host-elements-of-the-us-missile-shield/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Feb 2010 14:17:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>George-Adrian Visan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[George Visan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Posts by author]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aegis Combat System]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ballistic Missile Defense]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Romania’s President, Traian Băsescu has announced yesterday the willingness of his country to host parts of US the ballistic missile defense system on its territory. The decision to allow the United States to deploy anti-ballistic missiles in Romania was taken in a meeting of the Supreme Defense Council (CSAT). According to Traian Băsescu Mrs. Ellen [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com&blog=948873&post=695&subd=civitaspoliticsblog&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><div id="attachment_697" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 314px"><a href="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/157781070.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-697" title="157781070" src="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/157781070.jpg?w=304&#038;h=171" alt="" width="304" height="171" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Courtesy of Ria Novosti</p></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Romania’s President, Traian Băsescu has <a href="http://csat.presidency.ro/?pag=46&amp;id=12013">announced</a> yesterday the willingness of his country to host parts of US the ballistic missile defense system on its territory. The decision to allow the United States to deploy anti-ballistic missiles in Romania was taken in a meeting of the <a href="http://csat.presidency.ro/">Supreme Defense Council (CSAT)</a>. According to Traian Băsescu Mrs. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Tauscher">Ellen Tauscher</a> the <a href="http://www.state.gov/t/">Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security</a> has formally proposed on behalf of the United States of America that Romania should host on its territory an anti-ballistic missile system. The US State Department has <a href="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2010/02/136521.htm">confirmed</a> the agreement while the US embassy in Bucharest has saluted president Băsescu’s decision. Following the CSAT decision bilateral negotiations will be started, however the final approval for the deployment of the missiles must come from the Romanian parliament. The Romanian president has stated that the missile shield is not directed against Russia, but is designed to protect against other threats.</span></p>
<p><span id="more-695"></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">The Romanian political elite was taken by surprise by the announcement, however the news was received with cautious optimism. The leader of the opposition social democrats, Mircea Geoană <a href="http://www.psd.ro/newsroom.php?newi_id=3131">has stated</a> that this agreement represents a strengthening of the strategic partnership between the two countries, however a public debate on the merits of this agreement should take place before the ratification and the actual deployment. <a href="http://www.tituscorlatean.ro/">Titus Corlăţean</a>, the chairman of the Senate Committee for Foreign Affairs has <a href="http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-6873061-update-romania-gazdui-scutul-american-antiracheta-invitatia-sua-decizia-trebuie-ratificata-parlament.htm">aproved</a> the decision of the CSAT and has stated that such an agreement will consolidate Romania’s status in its relationship with the United   States. Romania’s <a href="http://www.guv.ro/emil-boc-prim-ministru__l1a1.html">Prime-Minister Mr. Emil Boc</a> <a href="http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-6874032-audio-video-emil-boc-despre-amplasarea-scutului-antiracheta-romania-inseamna-garantarea-stabilitatii-democratiei-aceasta-tara-pentru-perioada-lunga-timp-aici-inainte.htm">remarked</a> that this agreement represents a long term guarantee for the stability of Romania’s democracy and that it involves minimum costs and maximum benefits for the country. Former minister of defense, liberal Teodor Atanasiu has <a href="http://www.realitatea.net/atanasiu--decizia-csat-va-tensiona-relatiile-cu-europenii_698535.html">stated</a> that the decision to host elements of the ballistic missile shield represents a turning point in the relations with the United  States, but Romania’s decision will create tensions in relations with other EU member state and agravate tensions in the relations with Russia. The only Romanian political figure <a href="http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-6875056-ion-iliescu-declara-mai-degraba-impotriva-scutului-antiracheta.htm">to oppenly oppose</a> the agreement was the former president <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a> who said he is against it and <a href="http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-politic-6878511-ion-iliescu-putea-ajunga-referendum-national-problema-scutului-antiracheta.htm">has asked for a referendum</a> on the issue. It is rather certain that if the negotiation between the US and Romania on the details of the deployment of the missile shield will conclude with a comprehensive agreement, the Romanian parliament will ratify it by a large margin.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">The proposition of the Obama administration and the subsequent Romanian agreement could not have come at a better moment for Central and Eastern  Europe. Most countries in the region are still doubtful of US guarantees for their security after the announcement made on September 17, 2009 concerning a major overhaul of the original plan to deploy American anti-ballistic systems to Poland and the Czech Republic. Romania’s interim agreement to accept the deployment of land based SM-3 missiles on its territory will likely play down the fears of other Central and Eastern European countries regarding the security commitments of the United States towards this region.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">It is hard now to evaluate the political and security impact for Romania of the deployment of ballistic missile defense systems on its territory. From a political and diplomatic point of view this decision marks a reinforcement of bilateral relations between Romania and the United States. Romania may however face criticism from other European Union member states for its decision to host the American missile defense system. It also marks a shift eastward in regard to US foreign and security policy concerning Europe. The missiles will be most likely under the control of the United States, with some sort of a double key arrangement that will give access to the Romanians to the system. This move may be interpreted by some European states as undercutting NATO, which also has planned to develop and deploy a European wide missile defense system.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Although the Romanian president has not mentioned in his statement against which state the missile system is designed to protect against, however the most likely threat will be Iran. The current negotiations concerning the Iranian nuclear program are stalled and unlikely to make progress in the near future. Iran does posses medium range missiles that can target Romania and other neighboring countries. If the system is deployed and becomes operational from 2015 onwards as it is planned and by then Iran has developed nuclear weapons, Iranian leaders will have to face a double challenge: that of anti-missile systems that can counter their missiles and the threat of nuclear retaliation from the US and other European nations (France and Great Britain).</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Russia has asked the United  States for <a href="http://en.rian.ru/russia/20100205/157782569.html">clarifications</a> concerning them missile deployment and Romania’s announcement. Sergey Lavrov, the Russian foreign minister has called into question the US decision arguing that Russia expects “the United  States to provide an exhaustive explanation, taking into account the fact that the Black Sea regime is regulated by the Montreux Convention.” The Romanian announcement <a href="http://en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20100205/157780962.html">has not been received very well</a> also by the Kremlin controlled press. Russian must have expected such a decision, as the <a href="http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2009/09/21/us-makes-major-strategic-shift-on-missile-defense/" target="_blank">September 2009 American announcement </a>did not herald a complete abandonment of US plans to deploy ballistic missile defenses in Europe. The deployment to Romania of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3">SM-3</a> systems does not pose a direct threat to Russia in strategic terms. As opposed to a Polish deployment, the Romanian deployment cannot pose a threat to Russia’s ability to target with strategic missile systems the United States and it does not afford the US a first strike capability. Furthermore Romania is not situated close Russia’s borders as was the case of Poland. However the presence of missile defense systems on the shores of the Black Sea will not sit well with Russia’s military and political leaders. Romania may obtain <a href="http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-6874007-dan-dungaciu-analist-politica-externa-paradoxal-amplasarea-elementelor-scutului-romania-ajuta-relatia-rusia-nu-impediment.htm">some leverage</a> in its already strained relations with Russia by allowing the US to deploy anti-ballistic missiles on its territory.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong> </strong><strong><a href="../authors/george-visan-5/">George VIŞAN</a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">On the same issue in Romanian:</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;"><a href="http://codexpolitic.us/2010/02/04/cand-balistica-doare/">Când balistica doare</a></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;"><a href="http://think.hotnews.ro/nu-vreau-scut-antiracheta-prefer-o-lume-intreaga.html">Nu vreau scut antiracheta. Prefer o lume întreagă</a></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">On the same issue in English:</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;"><a href="Romania%20%27to%20host%20US%20missile%20shield%27">Romania &#8216;to host US missile shield&#8217;</a></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;"><a href="http://euobserver.com/9/29417">Romania to host new version of US missile shield</a></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;"><a href="http://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/romania-to-host-us-missile-shield-1/">Romania &#8216;to host US missile shield&#8217;</a></span></p>
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		<title>Limitele cetăţeniei: cine trebuie să-şi exercite dreptul de vot</title>
		<link>http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/01/24/limitele-cetateniei-cine-trebuie-sa-si-exercite-dreptul-de-vot/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 24 Jan 2010 20:50:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>George-Adrian Visan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[George Visan]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/?p=682</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Climatul conflictual al alegerilor prezidenţiale din 2009, polarizarea politică a societăţii româneşti din ultimii ani şi rezultatul strâns al alegerilor au dus la punerea în cauza, în special din partea opoziţiei înfrânte, a dreptului de vot al românilor din străinătate. În cele ce urmează voi analiza argumentele ridicate împotriva dreptului românilor din străinătate de a [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com&blog=948873&post=682&subd=civitaspoliticsblog&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Climatul conflictual al alegerilor prezidenţiale din 2009, polarizarea politică a societăţii româneşti din ultimii ani şi rezultatul strâns al alegerilor au dus la punerea în cauza, în special din partea opoziţiei înfrânte, a dreptului de vot al românilor din străinătate. În cele ce urmează voi analiza argumentele ridicate împotriva dreptului românilor din străinătate de a vota si voi incerca să formulez câteva argumente în favoarea menţinerii acestui drept fundamental pentru acei români care se găsesc în afara graniţelor. Menţionez încă de la început faptul că scopul acestui articol nu este unul politic sau partizan, ci doar unul civic şi de factură profesională.</span></p>
<p><span id="more-682"></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Contextul politic:</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Alegerile prezidenţiale din 2009 s-au desfăşurat într-un climat politic tensionat, nemaiîntâlnit până acum, actorii politici utilizând orice mijloc aflat de dispoziţie pentru a obţine voturile cetăţenilor români. Rezultatul strâns al alegerilor, contestarea acestora la Curtea Constituţională şi acuzele de fraudă au adâncit tensiunile politice şi polarizarea dintre principalii actori politici. Pe fondul tensiunii politice, a polarizării şi a <a href="http://www.roaep.ro/ro/section.php?id=66&amp;l2=73&amp;ids=50">rezultatului alegerilor prezidenţiale</a> apar pentru prima dată, la nivel public critici la adresa votului românilor din străinătate, care s-a dovedit decisiv în stabilirea câştigătorului scrutinului.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Argumentele:</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Din punct de vedere cronologic prima critică la adresa votului românilor din străinătate a venit din partea fostului prim-ministru al României şi fost preşedinte al Partidului Social Democrat, Adrian Năstase care într-o <a href="http://nastase.wordpress.com/2009/12/08/alegeri-prezidentiale-la-final-primele-observatii/">analiză la cald</a> a rezultatului alegerilor din 6 decembrie argumenta:</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">“<em>Nu romanii din diaspora au decis castigatorul alegerilor. De ce sa-i consideram pe acesti romani responsabili de rezultat doar pentru ca au votat mai tarziu, din motive naturale, ce tin de fusul orar? De ce nu voturile din 3-4 judete precum Cluj, Timis,  Alba sau Arad sa fie cele care au inclinat decisiv balanta? </em><em>Cred ca in acest caz simplificam foarte mult realitatea electorala. Acest lucru insa nu ar trebui sa inhibe o discutie despre consistenta votului. Am auzit in aceste zile urmatorul argument: realitatea politica, economica si sociala din Romania este cunoscuta in profunzimea ei doar de catre cei rezidenti. E un argument solid, care se aplica in multe tari europene. </em><em>Cei care au plecat de multi ani din tara, chiar daca citesc presa si sunt informati, nu au contact direct cu realitatea. Nu sunt afectati, direct, de reglementari, de taxe si impozite, chiar si de o viziune sau alta asupra viitorului – in sanatate, educatie, etc.Prin urmare, votul lor ar trebui sa aiba o greutate mai mica. Se impune, in viitor, o dezbatere  pe acest subiect…</em>”</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Reacţia <a href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4998308,00.html">negativă</a> din partea presei la acest fragment din analiza alegerilor prezidenţiale publicată pe blogul său, l-a forţat pe Adrian Năstase <a href="http://nastase.wordpress.com/2009/12/08/o-explicatie/">să dea explicaţii</a> cu privire la ce a vrut să spună de fapt în legătură cu votul românilor din străinătate.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Opinii critice la adresa voturilor românilor aflaţi în străinătate au fost exprimate şi de alţi <a href="http://voxpublica.realitatea.net/politica-societate/geoana-presedintele-romanilor-din-romania-20465.html">membrii ai PSD</a>, la puţin timp după aflarea rezultatului scrutinului. Mircea Geoană, preşedintele PSD şi candidatul acestui partid la alegerile prezidenţiale din 2009, a <a href="http://www.mirceageoana.ro/news/890/60/Declaratia-presedintelui-Mircea-Geoana-dupa-intalnirea-de-la-Palatul-Cotroceni">remarcat după negocierile</a> de la Cotroceni pentru desemnarea unui nou premier că el este căştigătorul votului românilor din interiorul graniţelor: „<em>Daca nu a inteles mesajul electoratului care a dat, cu tot cu fraudarea care a avut loc, mai multe voturi pentru mine pe teritoriul Romaniei si crede ca in acest moment poate sa acapareze intreaga putere pentru el si pentru aceleasi personaje care l-au insotit in aceasta perioada si in aceasta campanie, este problema domniei-sale – nu ne va avea pe noi complici la un astfel de exercitiu.</em>”</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;"><a href="http://www.fisd.ro/PDF/mater_noi/Raport_aleg%20prez_17%20ian%20FINAL.pdf">Raportul de analiză al alegerilor prezidenţiale</a> al Institutului „Ovidiu Şincai”, institutul de cercetare şi analiză al PSD, reia criticile la adresa votului românilor din străinătate şi sugerează voalat interzicerea dreptului de vot pentru românii aflaţi în afara graniţelor. Astfel raportul pune în discuţie organizarea votului în afara graniţelor de către autorităţi şi reia acuzele de fraudă electorală, făcute după alegeri şi judecate de către Curtea Constituţională (p. 14). Critica votului diasporei este continuată cu o analiză sociologică a votantului român din afara graniţelor. În viziunea autorilor raportului, românii din afara graniţelor trăiesc o dublă frustrare: „aceea de a nu-şi fi putut construi o viaţă decentă în ţara de origine; aceea de a fi trataţi ca subiecţi de mâna a doua (atunci când nu sunt trataţi ca persoane indezirabile) în ţările de reşedinţă (p.14).” Această frustrare conduce la alegerea unor politicieni de tipul lui Traian Băsescu, care promovează un mesaj politic anti-sistem. Conform raportului ISD românii din străinătate, chiar dacă se informează, au o cunoaştere limitată a situaţiei politice din ţară. Situaţia diasporei este comparată cu cea a străinilor rezidenţi în România care “trăiesc efectiv aici, suportând direct şi imediat consecinţele politicii româneşti, plătesc impozite aici, produc aici şi, după caz, creează locuri de muncă aici (p.14).” Secţiunea din raport  dedicată votului din străinătate se încheie cu o recomandare privind analizarea condiţiilor exercitării dreptului de vot în cadrul unei viitoare reforme constituţionale (p. 15).</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Alte critici la adresa votului românilor din străinătate au fost făcute indirect  şi de către liderul Partidului Naţional Liberal, Crin Antonescu. Astfel într-un discurs <a href="http://www.pnl.ro/Public/art/5410/Am-constatat-cu-bucurie-c-bucure-tenii-sunt-alia-ii-no-tri-i-ca-pre-edinte-al-PNL-le-transmit-i-eu-m.html">recent</a> preşedintele PNL remarca: “<em>Traian Băsescu a pierdut, repet, alegerile prezidenţiale în România, pe teritoriul României, în faţa alegătorilor care trăiesc sub administraţia sa&#8230;</em>”. Anterior acestui discurs Crin Antonescu a făcut o <a href="http://www.pnl.ro/Public/art/5409/n-electoratul-rom-nesc-judec-nd-de-la-exemplul-Radu-Stroe-este-loc-pentru-cine-ofer-alternativ-la-Tr.html">declaraţie aproape identică</a> în timpul unei emisiuni de la Realitatea TV: „<em>Având în vedere că tânărul Honorius Prigoană nu candidează nici la Paris, nici la New York, nici în Australia, cred că nu putem vorbi despre un capital de simpatie, ca pe vremuri, al lui Traian Băsescu, care să se pogoare şi asupra domnului Prigoană junior. Traian Băsescu a pierdut alegerile în România, vă reamintesc, şi le-a pierdut foarte clar în Bucureşti.</em>”</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Contra-argumentele:</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Aparent argumentele ridicate împotriva votului românilor din străinătate sunt valide, dar la o analiză mai atentă acestea sunt suficiente şi falacioase. Aceştia renunţând să locuiască în ţară şi optând să se mute temporar sau definitiv în alte ţări pentru a-şi construi un trai decent nu mai pot participa la viaţa politică din România, deoarece nu li se mai aplică principiul fundamental al democraţiei liberale „<em>no taxation without representation</em>”. În plus aceştia nelocuind în România, nu suportă consecinţele opţiunii lor politice şi percep viaţa politică din ţară în mod eronat.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">O problemă fundamentală a argumentului economic pentru care românilor plecaţi în afara graniţelor nu ar trebui să li să permită să participe la procesul electoral este că nu face o distincţie funcţională între cei care au plecat temporar la muncă şi cei care au optat să plece definitiv din ţară. Chiar dacă nu locuiesc în România, românii de peste hotare pot plăti impozite pe proprietate pentru proprietăţile deţinute în ţară. În plus, în cazul românilor plecaţi temporar la muncă, aceştia prin remiterile în valută către familie susţin economia României, echilibrând <a href="http://www.businessmagazin.ro/cover-story/anul-capsunarului-roman-2310746">balanţa de plăţi</a>. În plus  democraţia liberală valorizează cetăţenia ca pe un drept cu prioritate zero, care nu decurge din achitarea la zi a impozitelor. Românii nu devin cetăţeni abia după ce incep să munceasca şi să îşi plateasca impozitele.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Analiza sociologică efectuată în raportul <a href="http://www.fisd.ro/">Institutului Ovidiu Şincai</a> asupra profilului votantului român din afara graniţelor nu este susţinută de dovezi empirice. Chiar dacă se poate argumenta că românii care au plecat din ţară, au făcut acest lucru sub imperiul unei frustrări masive privind nivelul de trai şi sistemul politic autohton, cu greu se poate argumenta, în absenţa unor dovezi empirice, că aceşti români sunt trataţi <em>en masse</em> ca cetăţeni de mâna a doua de către statele gazdă. Raportul nu citează nici un fel de studiu sociologic în acest sens şi deci aserţiunea cum că românii din afara graniţelor trăiesc o dublă frustrare de a fi fost respinşi de către două sisteme politice diferite este o simplă conjectură. Şi in orice caz nu serveşte argumentului potrivit căruia ar fi mai puţin îndreptăţiţi să voteze în alegerile din România. Singurul lucru care decurge din această aserţiune este că statul român ar trebui să se implice mai mult în această problemă.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Legarea acestei duble frustrări de o preferinţă electorală pentru candidaţii anti-sistem este de asemenea o conjectură. Când vorbim despre integrarea românilor în cadrul altor societăţi, trebuie avut în vedere că aceasta variază în funcţie de ţara gazdă şi toleranţa pe care societăţile gazdă o au faţă de străini. Este greu de crezut că românii din afara graniţelor sunt frustraţi de modul în care sunt trataţi într-un anumit stat, dar continuă să locuiască şi să muncească în acea ţară, în loc să se întoarcă în România.  În al doilea rând emigraţia română vizează ţări democratice, care promoveze integrarea socială şi au o toleranţă scăzută pentru mişcările politice anti-sistem.  Este  greu de demonstrat astfel că românii din afară graniţelor au o anumită apetenţă pentru candidaţii anti-sistem.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Asupra iresponsabilităţii votului românilor din afară trebuie ridicate câteva semne de întrebare. În primul rând trebuie avut în vedere faptul că aceştia au rude şi cunoştiinţe în România – este deci greu să argumentezi că opţiunea lor politică este complet ruptă de realităţilor româneşti. În al doilea rând cum preşedintele are un rol important în politica externă este greu de crezut că opţiunea pentru un anumit candidat, nu va avea un impact la un moment dat şi asupra românilor ce trăiesc în alte state. În privinţa cunoaşterii realităţilor din România, având în vedere varietatea mijloacelor de comunicaţii şi mobilitatea crescută a persoanelor la ora actuală  le permite acestora să deţină informaţii relevante privind ţara natală. Mai mult trăind în alte ţări aceste persoane au experienţa unor sisteme de sănatate sau de educaţie funcţionale şi pot contribui la reformarea sistemelor similare româneşti.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">În privinţa retoricii care face distincţia între modul în care au votat cetăţenii români din ţară şi cei din afara graniţelor trebuie adus aminte liderilor politici că legea românească nu face distincţia între un vot acordat în interiorul graniţelor şi unul în afara lor. Astfel de retorică, care are totuşi o bază factuală, introduce o distincţie artificială între cetăţenii români. Pe de altă parte partidele politice ar trebui, în contextul sporirii interesului românilor din străinătate faţă de procesul politic din ţără, să încerce socializarea lor politică.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Concluzii:</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Punerea în cauză a votului românilor din afara graniţelor îşi are resorturile în polarizarea accentuată a scenei politice româneşti. Argumentele care se pot ridica împotriva dreptului acestor cetăţeni români de a-şi exprima votul nu sunt întemeiate. În continuare participarea acestora la procesul electoral este scăzută -  doar 146.000 de persoane dintr-un numar estimat de 2 milioane de români care trăiesc în afara graniţelor. Atât partidele politice cât şi autorităţile române ar trebui să găsească soluţii prin care să încurajeze participarea politică a cetăţenilor români din afara graniţelor. Având în vedere faptul că România este încă o democraţie neconsolidată, participarea românilor din afara graniţelor reprezintă unul din mijloacele prin care sistemul politic românesc poate fi consolidat. Încurajarea argumentelor privind diferenţierea voturilor ar putea chiar afecta procesul de consolidare al democraţiei româneşti.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><a href="../authors/george-visan-5/">George VIŞAN</a></strong></p>
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		<title>Kazakhstan’s big plans for OSCE. Let’s hope not</title>
		<link>http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/01/15/kazakhstan%e2%80%99s-big-plans-for-osce-let%e2%80%99s-hope-not/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Jan 2010 10:18:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>civitaspoliticsblog</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Kazakhstan promises to reform OSCE. Europe still hopes to democratize the entrenched authoritarian Kazakhstan. Who is under the bigger illusion?
Yesterday, Kazakhstan took up the chairmanship of the OSCE for the 2010-2011 mandate. The US manifested all its support to the new OSCE leaders and “stands ready to encourage your efforts to lead by example and [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com&blog=948873&post=673&subd=civitaspoliticsblog&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><div id="attachment_677" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/medvedev_and_nazarbayev.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-677" title="Medvedev_and_Nazarbayev" src="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/medvedev_and_nazarbayev.jpg?w=300&#038;h=200" alt="" width="300" height="200" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Dmitry Medvedev and Nursultan Nazarbayev in Astana, 2008 (courtesy of Wikipedia)</p></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Kazakhstan promises to reform OSCE. Europe still hopes to democratize the entrenched authoritarian Kazakhstan. Who is under the bigger illusion?</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Yesterday, Kazakhstan took up the chairmanship of the OSCE for the 2010-2011 mandate. The US manifested all its support to the new OSCE leaders and “<a href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Kazakhstan_Lays_Out_Vision_For_Controversial_OSCE_Chairmanship/1929378.html">stands ready</a> to encourage your efforts to lead by example and reflect in practice the principles and provisions of the organization you now chair.&#8221; The Finnish foreign minister, whose country occupied this seat in 2008, explicitly stated his faith in the good intentions of the new team chairing the OSCE and even mentioned a possible reform of the organization concerning the European security. He believes in the Kazakhstan’s projects for the OSCE despite the fact that “<a href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Former_OSCE_Chair_Says_Time_Ripe_For_Serious_Look_At_Reform/1928847.html">none</a> of the Central Asian countries are, I guess, perfect from a Western, democratic, rule-of-law perspective.” He also believes in the diplomatic ability of Kazakh leaders in bringing at the same table all OSCE members in order to reform the European security framework with the help of a recent plan endorsed by the Russian president Medvedev.</span></p>
<p><span id="more-673"></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;"><strong>Facts (<a href="http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&amp;year=2009&amp;country=7635">Freedom House report</a>)</strong>:</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">The 2009 Freedom House Index gave Kazakhstan a score of 6 for Political Rights and a 5 for Civil Liberties, thus qualifying it as a “not free” country, in the company of countries like Russia, China, Cuba, Uzbekistan, Niger and other similar regimes.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">The Kazakh President is one of the most experienced presidents in the world. He never left office since the independence of his country in 1991, an achievement for which he had to fight hard first with the Constitutional Court in order to extend his term in office until 2000. In an April 1995 referendum he was backed by 95% of the population in this endeavor, a legitimacy for which Western democrats hopelessly crave. Two months later, in August 1995, another referendum allowed him to change the Constitution in order to strengthen the executive. In 1998 the Constitution was again modified, this time by a very compliant Parliament, and extended the presidential term from five to seven years. The opposition’s main candidate was disqualified and Nazarbayev obtained a score of 80% in the presidential elections. In 2004 in the parliamentarian elections only one opposition MP made it through. In 2005 Nazarbayev managed to even improve his electoral support, winning a new mandate with a 91% score. In 2007 the Constitution was again amended and finally removed any term limit set to the reelection of Nazarbayev.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">The political opposition and the independent journalist did not fare that well during these years however. Some of the main political opponents have been killed, with proven complicity of the security forces, the opposition parties never quite succeeded in passing the 7% threshold or get on TV during electoral campaigns and the allegations of electoral fraud were never investigated during the long rule of Nazarbayev. A long and profitable rule of a former communist ruler who managed to install and develop a sultanistic regime which has nothing to do with democracy and the rule-of-law but has all to do with arbitrary rule, politically driven murders of contenders and personal control over the economy and all the networks of patronage.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;"><strong><a href="http://www.demdigest.net/blog/regions/asia/4530.html">Democratic backsliding</a> and authoritarian diffusion </strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Engaging Russia in the new European security framework is evidently a desirable objective. Putting our hopes of reform in the diplomatic ties of Kazakhstan with Russia is somewhat less desirable. On January 12, two days before the inauguration of the new OSCE chairmanship, Freedom House presented its <a href="http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=505">“Freedom in the World 2010: Erosion of Freedom Intensifies”</a>. This very gloomy title marks the fourth consecutive year of democratic backsliding in the world and specifically highlights the authoritarian diffusion of some major powers in their neighboring region or even on the global scale. China, Russia, Venezuela are some of the countries massively contributing to the democratic erosion on the global scale and the <a href="http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/fiw10/FIW_2010_Map_CEE-FSU.pdf">map</a> of the Former Soviet Union is particularly depressing, made out of mostly “not free” states and with some others in danger of collapsing in this area, like Armenia and Georgia, the two “partly free” countries of the region. This report explicitly addresses the failure of Kazakhstan in implementing any of the political reforms it promised to endorse in exchange for the 2010 chairmanship of the OSCE.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">According to the FH definition, “a Not Free country is one where basic political rights are absent, and basic civil liberties are widely and systematically denied.” (see the report, p.3). This report also highlights the fact that the average political rights scores in the former Soviet states, including Kazakhstan, is far worse than the average for the Sub-Saharan Africa and the perspectives seem to remain very much grim in the foreseeable future, due to the authoritarian trends in Russia. Moreover, the main problems in these countries are very similar: electoral fraud, growing number of murders of democrats (politicians, human rights defenders and journalists), lack of horizontal accountability between the branches of power, frail civil society and the implicit or explicit one-party rule. Add to this the growing dependency of politics on the natural resources and the huge patronage networks built on this relation and you have the map of a truly complicated region, all the more so in a context in which a regionally dominant power, Russia, manifests its active interest in the region and seems to export first and foremost authoritarian practices accountable to no one.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">One generalized authoritarian symptom in this area, as <a href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_democracy/v017/17.1fish.html">Steven Fish</a> (JoD, Vol. 17, 2006) recently analyzed the phenomenon, is a strong, unchecked executive able to transform the legislative into an irrelevant façade institution. Simply put a strong correlation between high FH Scores (more than 5, indicating not free regimes) and low PPI (Parliamentary Power Index) scores (indicating a weak legislature unable to control the activity of the executive and to keep it accountable as in the western democracies) is the main explanation for the authoritarian rise in the area. In this respect, Russia has provided the most authoritative lesson for neighboring autocrats.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Thus, the European faith in the regional cooperation should be at least moderated by the very visible authoritarian diffusion with a similarly regional ambition. For the moment, considering the briefly stated institutional problems of the Kazakh regime, nothing seems to suggest that this country could further the political or the security reform at the regional level. One other possible explanation for engaging Kazakhstan in such an adventure at the OSCE chairmanship could be the European soft power and its strategy of linkage with non-democratic countries in the hope to democratize and consolidate new liberal democracies. If this was the initial hope in 2008 when Western European countries (especially Spain) insisted on this nomination, the failure to bring any kind of change in this country during the last two years is already more than obvious. The Kazakh sultanistic regime is still in place and very much thriving and, these days, even enthusiastic about its projects to bring reforms in the European politics and security. All this said, a wiser attitude than the one formulated by the Finnish Foreign minister would be to sit down and reassess the failure of the European soft power in the ex-soviet region and future prospects for democracy there and less in the strengthening of the OSCE by guys like Nazarbayev and Medvedev. Considering the alternatives, the best hopes for the 2010-2011 OSCE mandate may just be to have a boring and non-eventful year.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Andreea Nicuţar</strong></p>
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		<title>The End Game: the consequences of World War II</title>
		<link>http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2010/01/06/the-end-game-the-consequences-of-world-war-ii/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 06 Jan 2010 12:47:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>George-Adrian Visan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[George Visan]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[World War II]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Zhu Enlai]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[It is said that when asked about what he thought of the French Revolution, the Chinese foreign minister Zhu Enlai replied that it is too early to say. This famous quip about the French Revolution can be applied also to the consequences of World War II. This article is the final installment in a series [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com&blog=948873&post=666&subd=civitaspoliticsblog&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><div id="attachment_668" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 500px"><a href="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/bundesarchiv_bild_183-r67561_potsdamer_konferenz_konferenztisch1.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-668" title="Bild 183-R67561" src="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/bundesarchiv_bild_183-r67561_potsdamer_konferenz_konferenztisch1.jpg?w=490&#038;h=323" alt="" width="490" height="323" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Potsdam Conference (courtesy of Wikipedia and Bundesarchiv)</p></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">It is said that when asked about what he thought of the French Revolution, the Chinese foreign minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai#cite_note-11">Zhu Enlai</a> replied that it is too early to say. This famous quip about the French Revolution can be applied also to the consequences of World War II. This article is the final installment in a series of articles which dealt with the greatest conflict ever to have been fought and provides a short-list of the far reaching consequences of this event. The list of consequences should not be viewed by the readers as being definitive and I strongly urge them to add more or comment on them.</span></p>
<p><span id="more-666"></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;"><strong>Political consequences:</strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">The end of World War II in September 1945 marked the end of an international system centered on the European Great Powers. At the end of World War II Germany, Italy and most of France lay in ruins while Great Britain was bankrupt. Now there were only two great powers left: the United States which at the end of the war had an intact economy, an intact army and a <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Tragedy-Great-Power-Politics/dp/039332396X/ref=dp_cp_ob_b_title_1">virtual monopoly</a> on the manufacture and employment of nuclear weapons; the other great power left standing, but nevertheless scarred by the Nazi onslaught was the Soviet Union, which had a large and intact army and was in control of almost half the European continent.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">The final demise of the European Great Power system led to the development of a bipolar world dominated by the <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Rise-Fall-Great-Powers-1500-2000/dp/0006860524">flank powers</a>: the United States and the USSR. The bipolar configuration of the international system was marked for the next 50 years by the Cold War – a political and ideological rivalry on a global scale between the US and the Soviet Union.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">With the end of the war and the demise of the European Great Power System (<a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Rise-Fall-Great-Powers-1500-2000/dp/0006860524">Kennedy, pp. 357-373</a>) the process of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization">decolonization</a> occurred. The defeated powers which had overseas colonies or conquered overseas territories were forced by the allies to surrender them – this was the case of Italy and Japan. France and Great Britain, the great European colonizing nations were gradually forced to give up their empires due to the cost of maintaining colonies, the relative weakness of the metropolises in the international system, the development of violent and/or peaceful national liberation movements and foreign pressure coming from the US and USSR or from former colonies which supported the process of de-colonization.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">The demise of the European Great Power System and the destruction caused by the war led the Western European nation to explore and then embark on the process of European integration. Behind the protection provided by the armed forces of the United States deployed in Europe to curtail a possible Soviet invasion, the foundations of the European Union could be laid.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">A further consequence of the World War II was the redrawing and stabilization of the borders of Europe. Indeed most of today’s European borders are the result of World War II, the best example being the <a href="http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/DEU-POL1990CF.PDF">Polish-German border</a>. The basic configuration of the Europe’s borders after World War II was confirmed by the signing of the <a href="http://www.osce.org/documents/mcs/1975/08/4044_en.pdf">Helsinki Accords</a> in 1975. Despite post-Cold War evolutions in Europe, which saw the break-up of the Soviet Union, the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia the vast majority of Europe’s current borders originated as a consequence of World War II.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Another consequence of World War II was a renewed and somewhat <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2539078.pdf">misplaced trust</a> in international institutions as a means to manage international politics. Despite the fact that it did not achieve its objectives of preventing conflict, the United Nations provided the necessary framework and the arena to discuss and debate some of the issues of the International System.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;"><strong>Economic consequences:</strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">The only nation to <a href="http://www.amazon.com/After-Hegemony-Cooperation-Discord-Political/dp/0691022283">emerge with its economy intact</a> out of World War II was the United States. Europe and Asia had been devastated by the war and the Soviet Union did not fare better either in economic terms, despite being one of the winners. The economic order created at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system">Bretton Woods</a> has partially survived to this day, being overtaken however by new economic developments. It should also be understood that the circumstances that led to the creation of the Bretton Woods international economic regime were exceptional and unique. The Bretton Woods regime is responsible in many ways for the post-war economic development and prosperity.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">The advent of the Cold War divided the world economy in two camps: free market economies and soviet style planed economies. The former colonies that gained their independence after World War II tried to combine the best of both worlds in order to develop and created economies that were neither free market nor planned (although most tended to be planned). The economic results in this case were dubious at best, the poor economic record of planned economies forcing the non-aligned nations to move towards market economies in the late 1980s.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><a href="../authors/george-visan-5/">George VIŞAN</a></strong></p>
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		<title>Alegerile din România din perspectivă internaţională II</title>
		<link>http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2009/12/08/alegerile-din-romania-din-perspectiva-internationala-ii/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Dec 2009 20:38:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>civitaspoliticsblog</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Civitashi pe alte canale]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[George Visan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Posts by author]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[alegeri prezidentiale 2009]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[MAE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[observatori internaţionali]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Misiunea restrânsă a OSCE/ODIHR de observare a alegerilor prezidenţiale din România din 2009 a publicat în data de 7 decembrie Raportul privind Constatările şi Concluziile Preliminare privind al doilea tur de scrutin. Anterior pe data de 23 noiembrie 2009 misiunea a dat publicităţii Raportul privind Constatările şi Concluziile Preliminare privind primul tur al alegerilor prezidenţiale.
OSCE/ODIHR [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com&blog=948873&post=661&subd=civitaspoliticsblog&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><div id="attachment_597" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/800px-osce_logo-svg.png"><img class="size-medium wp-image-597" title="800px-OSCE_logo.svg" src="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/800px-osce_logo-svg.png?w=300&#038;h=93" alt="" width="300" height="93" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">OSCE Logo</p></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Misiunea restrânsă a <a href="http://www.osce.org/odihr/item_12_40997.html">OSCE/ODIHR</a> de observare a alegerilor prezidenţiale din România din 2009 <a href="http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2009/12/41929_ro.pdf">a publicat</a> în data de 7 decembrie <a href="http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2009/12/41929_en.pdf">Raportul privind Constatările şi Concluziile Preliminare</a> privind al doilea tur de scrutin. Anterior pe data de 23 noiembrie 2009 misiunea <a href="http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2009/11/41446_ro.pdf">a dat publicităţii</a> <a href="http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2009/11/41446_en.pdf">Raportul privind Constatările şi Concluziile Preliminare</a> privind primul tur al alegerilor prezidenţiale.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">OSCE/ODIHR observă alegerile prezidenţiale din România în virtutea unei invitaţii adresate de Ministerul Afacerilor Externe al României şi evaluează alegerile din punctul de vedere al  conformităţii cu obligaţiile ce decurg din angajamentele asumate de statul român. În cadrul misiunii activează  11 experţi internaţionali localizaţi în Bucureşti şi  14 observatori pe termen lung, trimişi în centre regionale. Membrii misiunii provin din 17 ţări participante ale OSCE.</span></p>
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		<title>A lovit sau nu a lovit &#8211; analiză de text</title>
		<link>http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2009/11/30/a-lovit-sau-nu-a-lovit-analiza-de-text/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Nov 2009 16:36:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>civitaspoliticsblog</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Andrei Tiut]]></category>
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Este trecut de miezul nopţii de sâmbătă, deja duminică 28 noiembrie 09. Ca orice român interesat de politică, vreau şi eu să ştiu dacă e adevărat că actualul preşedinte Traian Băsescu a lovit/pălmuit un copil în Ploieşti, în campania electorală din 2004. Neputând face analiză video (nu mă pricep), singura mea şansă e să fac [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com&blog=948873&post=607&subd=civitaspoliticsblog&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Este trecut de miezul nopţii de sâmbătă, deja duminică 28 noiembrie 09. Ca orice român interesat de politică, vreau şi eu să ştiu dacă e adevărat că actualul preşedinte Traian Băsescu a lovit/pălmuit un copil în Ploieşti, în campania electorală din 2004. Neputând face analiză video (nu mă pricep), singura mea şansă e să fac analiză de discurs&#8230;.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p lang="ro-RO"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Deci&#8230;</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong>Actul 1: Preşedintele nu neagă,</strong></span></span><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"> <a href="http://www.mediafax.ro/social/basescu-despre-lovirea-copilului-nu-mi-amintesc-incidentul-nu-stiu-daca-nu-i-a-vorbit-urat-femeii-5135871">„Vă asigur că o să mă uit şi o să vă dau o explicaţie. Dar zice copilul ceva? A spus ceva urât?&#8221;</a> &#8211; după cum s-a tot comentat, e comportament tipic de om vinovat, dar poate fi şi o lipsă cruntă de inspiraţie.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong>Actul 2: Preşedintele neagă</strong></span></span><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">: </span></span><a href="http://www.basescu.ro/stiri/niciodata-in-viata-mea-nu-am-lovit-un-copil-67"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Niciodată în viaţa mea nu am lovit un copil</span></span></a><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">. &#8211; O negare corectă deşi târzie.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><strong>Actul 3: Preşedintele e apărat pe <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0U4Pn1KWyp4">Youtube</a> </strong></span></span><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">de unde preia <a href="http://www.basescu.ro/">www.băsescu.ro</a> </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">(Toate filmele de mai jos au fost descărcate în noaptea de 27-28 noiembrie şi puse la păstrare. Asta mă asigură că sunt sursele originale dar compresia are, desigur, de suferit. Linkurile duc în teorie spre originale)</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO"><a href="http://drop.io/filme_t_basescu/asset/c-t-b-trucaj-youtube-flv">c-t-b-trucaj-youtube-flv</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO">
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p><span id="more-607"></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Filmul foloseşte  versiunea cu rezoluţie slabă. Discursul e  tehnicist dar în esenţă nu spune nimic: „într-o secundă sunt 20 de fotograme”, „o mişcare ciudată”, „se poate tăia mâna” (sic), „pensulă electronică”. Reţinem totuşi „ar mai fi trebuit să fie[...] fotograme intermediare” dar premisele pur şi simplu nu se încheagă în argumente.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO"><strong><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Actul 4: <a href="http://basescu.ro/galerie-video?g=49#video_126">Preşedintele e apărat la sediul de campanie</a> </span></span></strong><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">de Lucian Blaga (nu scriitorul).</span></span></p>
<p><a href="http://drop.io/filme_t_basescu/asset/d-t-b-trucaj-lucian-blaga-flv">d-t-b-trucaj-lucian-blaga-flv</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p lang="ro-RO"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Începutul nu e prea profesional „m-am dus la studioul meu ca să verific şi eu” dar argumentele ce urmează merită reţinute.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO">„<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">poziţia	mâinii [...] este puţin fracturată”</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p lang="ro-RO">„<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">eu 	am considerat că asta e poziţia normală a mâinii, 	suprapunând-o peste pliurile originale”</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p lang="ro-RO">„<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">sub 	bărbie [...] apar pixelii de decupaj”/ „se îngroaşă 	bărbia femeii”</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p lang="ro-RO">„<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">în 	mod normal, mişcarea mâinii ar trebui să conţină 	[...] nişte cadre intermediare până la ceea ce 	vedeţi acum”</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p lang="ro-RO">„<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">o 	bucată de piele rămasă care dispare imediat”</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO">„<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">nu 	se deplasează odată cu preşedintele, aceea este o 	mască”</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Aici mărturisesc că am trişat. Am descărcate filmuleţul detaliat în slow motion de pe <a href="http://www.realitatea.net/traian-basescu-a-lovit-un-copil--in-timpul-unui-miting-la-ploiesti--vezi-video_689324.html">Realitatea.net</a>. (Vedeţi că din greşeală l-au pus în oglindă). Apoi mi-am amintit ce <a href="http://www.free-codecs.com/download/Media_Player_Classic.htm">program</a> îmi permite să văd cadru cu cadru şi am derulat. </span></span></p>
<p><a href="http://drop.io/filme_t_basescu/asset/e-t-b-slow-realitatea-flv">e-t-b-slow-realitatea-flv</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p lang="ro-RO"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Am văzut ce ne arată L Blaga dar &#8230; destul de vag. Puteau fi pixeli de decupaj sau piele uitată dar la fel de bine putea fi un efect de filmare sau convertire, nu am ochi pentru aşa ceva. Dar măcar un lucru am găsit: cadrele intermediare. Sunt grăbite, dar există. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Este posibil, dar improbabil, ca cineva să fi înlocuit un trucaj mai vechi cu unul mai nou şi mai bun. Dar dacă nu mergem pe această ipoteză, atunci domnul Blaga fie minte fie manipulează.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Vedem cum candidatul Băsescu oferă în prima fază o apărare neconvingătoare, apoi una corectă, apoi preia o apărare neconvingătoare de pe Internet şi apoi îşi aduce propriul expert pentru o singură conferinţă de presă. Mijloacele sunt mult sub resursele personale şi instituţionale ale preşedintelui. Ne-am fi aşteptat la negări vehemente, la demonstraţii video în high definition,  nu filmarea unei filmări. Apoi, fiind vorba de preşedintele ţării, nici măcar o expertiză a serviciilor secrete nu mi s-ar fi părut deplasată.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">N-am văzut nimic din acestea, ceea ce mă face să presupun că, dincolo de mărturiile contradictorii, faptul a existat în realitate. Elementar, dragul meu Watson. Sau nu? Oricum ar fi, promit să revin cu un comentariu la acest post după ce vom avea o expertiză tehnică.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO"><a href="http://andrei-tiut.co.cc/"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Andrei Tiut</span></span></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;" lang="ro-RO"><span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Filmele sunt încărcate pe <a href="http://drop.io/filme_t_basescu/">drop.io</a>, pentru cine ar dori să refacă raţionamentul. Rămâne totuşi posibil ca unele secvenţe să fi fost accelerate pentru ca lovitura să pară mai rapidă/dură decât în realitate.</span></span></p>
<p lang="ro-RO">
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		<title>Alegerile prezidenţiale din perspectivă internaţională</title>
		<link>http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2009/11/21/alegerile-prezidentiale-din-perspectiva-internationala/</link>
		<comments>http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2009/11/21/alegerile-prezidentiale-din-perspectiva-internationala/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 21 Nov 2009 10:55:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>civitaspoliticsblog</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Civitashi pe alte canale]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[George Visan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Posts by author]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Se întamplă in România]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[alegeri prezidentiale 2009]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[observatori internaţionali]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[organizaţii internaţionale]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[raport interimar]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[
Misiunea restrânsă OSCE/ODIHR de observare a alegerilor prezidenţiale din România a publicat pe 13 noiembrie 2009 raportul interimar privind organizarea alegerilor de la 22 noiembrie. OSCE/ODIHR observă alegerile prezidenţiale din România în virtutea unei invitaţii adresate de Ministerul Afacerilor Externe al României şi evaluează alegerile din punctul de vedere al  conformităţii cu obligaţiile ce decurg din [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com&blog=948873&post=596&subd=civitaspoliticsblog&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><p style="text-align:justify;">
<div id="attachment_597" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a href="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/800px-osce_logo-svg.png"><img class="size-medium wp-image-597" title="800px-OSCE_logo.svg" src="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/800px-osce_logo-svg.png?w=300&#038;h=93" alt="" width="300" height="93" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">OSCE Logo</p></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Misiunea restrânsă <a href="http://www.osce.org/">OSCE/ODIHR</a> de observare a alegerilor prezidenţiale din România a publicat pe 13 noiembrie 2009 <a href="http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2009/11/41325_en.pdf">raportul interimar</a> privind <a href="http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2009/11/41325_ro.pdf">organizarea alegerilor</a> de la 22 noiembrie. OSCE/ODIHR observă alegerile prezidenţiale din România în virtutea unei invitaţii adresate de Ministerul Afacerilor Externe al României şi evaluează alegerile din punctul de vedere al  conformităţii cu obligaţiile ce decurg din angajamentele asumate de statul român. În cadrul misiunii activează  11 experţi internaţionali localizaţi în Bucureşti şi  14 observatori pe termen lung, trimişi în centre regionale. Membrii misiunii provin din 17 ţări participante ale OSCE.</span></p>
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		<title>Learning how to coup with democracy</title>
		<link>http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2009/11/06/learning-how-to-coup-with-democracy/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 06 Nov 2009 05:44:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>civitaspoliticsblog</dc:creator>
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		<category><![CDATA[Daniel Ortega]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[democratization]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Honduras]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hugo Chavez]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[James Madison]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[José Manuel Zelaya]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Latin America]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Madisonian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nicaragua]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[opposition]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[How democracies perish is a very old question and the various answers given by political science are still disputed. How young and unconsolidated/aspirant democracies perish is an easier question, given the fact that some concrete lessons are offered generously these days, and their charm seems irresistible for would-be autocrats.
The very much praised phenomenon of democratic [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com&blog=948873&post=589&subd=civitaspoliticsblog&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><div id="attachment_593" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 297px"><a href="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/dmitry_medvedev_18_december_2008-5.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-593" title="Dmitry_Medvedev_18_December_2008-5" src="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/dmitry_medvedev_18_december_2008-5.jpg?w=287&#038;h=191" alt="Dmitry_Medvedev_18_December_2008-5" width="287" height="191" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Daniel Ortega and Dmitry Medvedev</p></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;"><em>How democracies perish </em>is a very old question and the various answers given by political science are still disputed. How young and unconsolidated/aspirant democracies perish is an easier question, given the fact that some concrete lessons are offered generously these days, and their charm seems irresistible for would-be autocrats.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">The very much praised phenomenon of democratic diffusion during the wave of democratization in Latin America since the 1970s seems to be undermined at the beginning of this century by another type of diffusion, of an authoritarian kind this time. The authoritarian diffusion manifests itself in various fields, but what is striking is the fact that the attacks against the media, the party system, the institutional checks and balances or the civil society are <a href="../2009/07/29/sa-aparam-democratia-pedepsiti-l-pe-ombudsman/#more-360">replicated</a> from one country to the next, in a continuous process of imitating and learning from your neighbor the art of destroying democracy by just simply  asserting your democratic credentials and good intentions.</span></p>
<p><span id="more-589"></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">A couple of weeks ago, the Supreme Court of Nicaragua ruled with an exceptional swiftness that one article of the Constitution is unconstitutional. The accused article concerns the prohibition to be re-elected as President for a consecutive mandate. In addition, the constitution stipulates that no person can occupy this function for more than two mandates. The president of Nicaragua is a former guerilla leader of the leftist Sandinista group and in 2011 he will end his second non-consecutive term. However, Daniel Ortega wants a new term and therefore he managed to by-pass the decision of the Congress (the proper way to amend constitutional articles) and asked the Supreme Court to decide. The case is aggravated by the fact that the Supreme Court was not in complete formation, meaning that only the Sandinista judges (named by the President) were present and adopted the ruling, before the rest of the judges, coming from the opposition, <a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704597704574487593948546118.html">could reach the session.</a></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">The possibility of being re-elected in a presidential regime is a much disputed issue, with followers on each side. The strongest argument pro re-election would be the possibility to keep the president accountable and more responsible (if he wants another term of office and is not satisfied with just one “hit-and-run” mandate), whereas the other camp warns of the dangers posed by a president with so much power, especially in countries with very weak legislatives, frail party systems and civil societies. In the Latin American world, this executive power is exacerbated also by the collusion between the judges in the Supreme Court and the president responsible for their nomination. Whatever the conclusion between these two situations – an unaccountable president or one with too much formal and informal leverage, it is clear that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison">Madisonian</a> tradition of strong checks and balances is absent, as it is also the skepticism of the founding American father towards any individual occupying a seat of power – and the limited number of fixed mandates is precisely that formal obstacle against autocrats.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">The situation in Nicaragua is serious in itself, but what should also be taken into account is the striking similarity with the case of Honduras since June this year. Four months ago, the Honduran democracy suffered a number of very severe attacks against its formal democratic institutions, and especially the Constitution. Manuel Rosales Zelaya, the former president, exiled after being officially accused of undermining the Constitution and the rulings of the Electoral Court and the Congress against several tentative efforts to push a non-constitutional referendum, is now struggling to return as the de <em>jure</em> president of Honduras and finish his term. The international community in an almost complete formation (UN, EU, the Organization of the American States and the US) threatened to ignore the results of the November general elections (presidential and parliamentary), although planned prior to the events leading to the exile of Zelaya and lawfully organized under the authority of a democratic and legitimate Electoral Court, backed by the approval of the Congress.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Had the US and the Obama administration ignored this tiny Central American country and its political conflict between the populist president Zelaya on the one side and the representatives of the legislative and the judiciary on the other, Honduras would be a storm in a teacup for some researchers of Latin American affairs. As it unfolded since the start of the campaign initiated by Chavez in order to back his ally in <a href="http://www.alternativabolivariana.org/">ALBA</a> (Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas), to which Barrack Obama immediately rallied, together with all the Latin American countries, Honduras is a dramatically important case in the so-called third wave of democratization. Honduras is a young democratic polity, still struggling with various obstacles to its institutional consolidation, the institutionalization of the rule of law (and especially the strengthening of its judiciary, a major Latin American challenge) and the nefarious corruption linked to the clientele networks made possible by a very strong executive, the President, unsystematically checked by the other branches of power, the legislative and the judiciary. The latter is all the more vulnerable, considering the huge role the president plays in the nomination of some of the judges in the Supreme Court and their dependence on the President’s party in Congress, especially when his allies possess a majority in the legislative.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Honduras is such an exceptional case because this unconsolidated democracy, highly dependent on foreign aid (European and American) for long-term projects aiming at democracy building (institutional consolidation but also civil society support), managed to protect the democratic order four months ago, by opposing an illegal referendum pushed by the President in total disregard with the provisions of the Constitution. In this case the Congress was backed by the Electoral Court, the Supreme Court and the Ombudsman. However, they made one great error and exiled Zelaya, which triggered the legitimate but inflated reaction of the international community. Instead of backing the decision of the democratically elected Congress, the US decided to push for the return of Zelaya as president and an amnesty law, therefore overruling the Honduran legislative and judiciary. The sad irony these days is that the same US announced the signing of a <em>successful</em> deal to reinstate Zelaya with the approval of the Congress and the Supreme Court. After the deliberation in the congress and the probable reinstatement of a <em><a href="http://www.babylon.com/definition/GOLPISTA/English">golpista</a> </em>president, this effort would close a full circle of non-sense, in which the leading democracy in the world sides with Chavez, Castro and Ortega to give a blow to a rule-of-law-abiding parliament so that a president which obviously transgressed the constitution could be legitimated and returned to his seat of power.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">After the presidential elections in Honduras this winter, in which Zelaya is not a candidate (a condition of the signed agreement), everything could return to normal in this country, but the lesson has been learned by the neighboring incumbent president of Nicaragua, Daniel Ortega. Not only that he can use the power of this precedent, but he is also free from some nasty obstacles that Zelaya had to deal with: an independent legislative and judiciary, a strong political opposition with the courage to protect the principle of the rule of law and the <em>horizontal accountability</em> (Guillermo O’Donnell), that the president tried to elude in order to consolidate his power. Nicaragua is in a far worse situation with respect to its state of democracy and far more embroiled in the not so transparent activities of his friend Hugo Chavez, the president of the oil-rich Venezuela and the leader of ALBA. He is the president who offers these days the most interesting lessons for would-be dictators trying to cope with independent media, opposition parties and the legislative or judiciary branches.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">These two cases of presidential abuses of power on the side of the leftist-populist camp mentored by Hugo Chavez should not make us ignore a similar case of presidential excess in Colombia as we speak. The Colombian president Alvaro Uribe is now at the end of his second mandate and already set in motion the formal procedures in order to amend the constitution and call for a referendum at the beginning of the next year so that he can be re-elected. At the end of the day, the difference between the Colombian amendment of the constitutional text and the case of Nicaragua is only a difference of style: the former president, enjoying high rates of popularity and a more friendly relation with the opposition and the other branches of power, decided to take a more elegant path toward his re-election. Manuel Zelaya, unfortunately for him, had the entire political and judicial elite against him and a relatively strong media to report his illegitimate moves. Daniel Ortega, however, is the most carefree of the three presidents considered here. He didn’t have to fight a resilient Supreme Court or to confront a unified Congress against his move. He just brought together a couple of his brave Sandinista men from the Supreme Court and convinced them that one tiny constitutional article is simply “inapplicable”.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Andreea Nicuţar</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
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		<title>Dezbaterea pe tema „uninominal-unicameral” se anunţă a fi ferventă şi ilogică</title>
		<link>http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2009/10/23/dezbaterea-pe-tema-%e2%80%9euninominal-unicameral%e2%80%9d-se-anunta-a-fi-ferventa-si-ilogica/</link>
		<comments>http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2009/10/23/dezbaterea-pe-tema-%e2%80%9euninominal-unicameral%e2%80%9d-se-anunta-a-fi-ferventa-si-ilogica/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 Oct 2009 11:57:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>civitaspoliticsblog</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Andrei Tiut]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Posts by author]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Se întamplă in România]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bicameralism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[clivaje politice]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[parlament unicameral]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[PDL]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[referendum]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Traian Băsescu]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vot uninominal]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[ 
Sunt deja doi ani de când ziceam:
Să presupunem, deci, că, de mâine, vom avea parlament unicameral ales prin vot uninominal. Experienţa alegerilor locale de până acum îmi permite să estimez că noul parlament ar putea fi altfel decât până acum (mai carismatic), dar nu mai competent şi, aproape sigur, la fel de coruptibil.
Privind înapoi [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com&blog=948873&post=576&subd=civitaspoliticsblog&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br /><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;"> </span></p>
<div id="attachment_578" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 286px"><a href="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/riksdag_assembly_hall_2006.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-578" title="Riksdag_assembly_hall_2006" src="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/riksdag_assembly_hall_2006.jpg?w=276&#038;h=209" alt="Parlanentul Suediei (Riksdag)" width="276" height="209" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Parlamentul Suediei (Riksdag)</p></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Sunt deja doi ani de când <a href="../2007/11/16/vot-uninominal-si-parlament-unicameral-o-combinatie-proasta/">ziceam</a>:</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;"><em>Să presupunem, deci, că, de mâine, vom avea parlament unicameral ales prin vot uninominal. Experienţa alegerilor locale de până acum îmi permite să estimez că noul parlament ar putea fi altfel decât până acum (mai carismatic), dar nu mai competent şi, aproape sigur, la fel de coruptibil.</em></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Privind înapoi aproape că ma mir cât de timidă este critica pe care o aduceam atunci acestui sistem. Astăzi dacă aş vorbi despre uninominal aş avea desigur cuvinte mult mai aspre.</span></p>
<p><span id="more-576"></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Totuşi trebuie recunoscut că proiectul „uninominal-unicameral” a pornit la drum având nu doar sprijin popular ci şi coerenţă intelectuală. Să pornim analiza de la parlamentarul român ca individ. Cu o mână (vot uninominal) îl responsabilizăm faţă de electorat iar cu cealaltă (parlament unicameral) îi dăm mai multă putere; la sfârşit vom avea un Parlament care să fie şi legitim şi eficient.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Prima parte a acestui proiect a fost implementată complet, însă deocamdată este un eşec răsunător. Astăzi, ca şi în mandatul trecut, putem şti cum va vota un parlamentar dacă ştim în ce partid se află şi cine îi mediază accesul la resurse. Mai mult, actualul Parlament este, cel puţin până la moţiunea de cenzură, exemplar prin inactivitatea sa.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Să zicem că e „prea devreme” sau  că factorul Băsescu generează clivaje prea puternice, coalizând natural „pentru” sau „împotrivă” &#8211; fapt e că îmbunătăţiri nu se văd. Totuşi preşedintele Băsescu, şi implicit PDL, ne propun să completăm votul uninominal prin construirea unui Parlament unicameral cu număr restrâns de parlamentari.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Bine, dar de ce?</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Economia la buget e un argument prea populist ca să fie luat în seamă. Rapiditatea deciziei e un argument valid dar &#8230; nerelevant. Unicameralul trebuia să fie reforma tehnică ce ar fi urmat reformei morale a clasei politice, şi nicidecum un scop în sine. Existenţa a două Camere asigură un nivel adiţional de control, exercitat nu de Parlament (căci există o singură Cameră decidentă) ci de opinia publică; aceasta are ocazia să afle din timp ce legi sunt în proces de adoptare şi ce critici li se aduc.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Vom avea referendum şi deci vom avea dezbatere. Nu mă tem prea tare de rezultat. Mă tem însă de calitatea dezbaterii. De voie de nevoie diverşi intelectuali vor vorbi şi vor scrie discursuri al căror fir logic se  reduce la: ştim că nu aveţi încredere în parlamentari: hai să le scădem controlul.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><a href="../authors/andrei-tiut/"><strong>Andrei TIUT </strong></a></strong></p>
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		<title>Liberalii Burke, Constant şi Tocqueville</title>
		<link>http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2009/10/08/liberalii-burke-constant-si-tocqueville/</link>
		<comments>http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2009/10/08/liberalii-burke-constant-si-tocqueville/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2009 16:36:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>civitaspoliticsblog</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Bogdan C. Enache]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[On Liberty]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Posts by author]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Alexis de Tocqueville]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Benjamin Constant]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conservatorism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Edmund Burke]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Liberalism]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Complexitatea şi bogaţia unei opere este, cel mai adesea, o bună măsură a valorii şi perenităţii acesteia. În cazul operei lui Edmund Burke, a lui Benjamin Constant şi a lui Alexis de Tocqueville, această observaţie nu are nevoie de precizări suplimentare. Totuşi, atunci când sunt aduşi în discuţie aceşti trei mari gânditori politici, care au [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com&blog=948873&post=560&subd=civitaspoliticsblog&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<br />
<a href='http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2009/10/08/liberalii-burke-constant-si-tocqueville/blog-portrait-benjamin-constant-2/' title='blog-portrait-benjamin-constant'><img width="118" height="150" src="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/blog-portrait-benjamin-constant1.jpg?w=118&#038;h=150" class="attachment-thumbnail" alt="Benjamin Constant" title="blog-portrait-benjamin-constant" /></a>
<a href='http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2009/10/08/liberalii-burke-constant-si-tocqueville/edmundburke/' title='EdmundBurke'><img width="116" height="150" src="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/edmundburke.jpg?w=116&#038;h=150" class="attachment-thumbnail" alt="Edmund Burke" title="EdmundBurke" /></a>
<a href='http://civitaspoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2009/10/08/liberalii-burke-constant-si-tocqueville/tocqueville-2/' title='tocqueville'><img width="132" height="150" src="http://civitaspoliticsblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/tocqueville1.jpg?w=132&#038;h=150" class="attachment-thumbnail" alt="Alexis de Tocqueville" title="tocqueville" /></a>

<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Complexitatea şi bogaţia unei opere este, cel mai adesea, o bună măsură a valorii şi perenităţii acesteia. În cazul operei lui Edmund Burke, a lui Benjamin Constant şi a lui Alexis de Tocqueville, această observaţie nu are nevoie de precizări suplimentare. Totuşi, atunci când sunt aduşi în discuţie aceşti trei mari gânditori politici, care au trăit şi scris în epoci diferite, persistă o profundă ambiguitate, ba chiar o confuzie,  cu privire la mesajul lor filozofic fundamental, o confuzie care a luat amploare în a doua jumătate a veacului XX. Aşadar, sunt aceşti filozofi politici reprezentaţi ai liberalismului sau ilustrează gândirea conservatoare şi conservatorismul?</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span id="more-560"></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Ambiguitatea în ceea ce priveşte mesajul central al filozofiei lor politice derivă din procesul  istoric prin care, atât ideile lui Burke, Constant sau Tocqueville, cât şi evenimentele capitale care le- au subdeterminat opera şi gândirea, sunt în permanenţă interpretate şi reinterpretate pentru a oferi noi răspunsuri sau puncte de sprijin pentru înţelegerea şi evaluarea  unor noi evenimente, a unor noi idei, a unor noi fenomene social-politice. Acest lucru poate fi observat limpede la autorii conservatori anglo-saxoni din a doua jumătate a secolului XX, care au făcut din cei trei gânditori europeni &#8211; şi mai ales din Edmund Burke - nişte precursori ai conservatorismului american şi britanic din această perioadă. Cu toate acestea, o scurtă privire asupra ideilor şi biografiei celor trei este suficientă pentru a demonstra &#8211; fără a diminua câtuşi de puţin complexitatea şi unicitatea gândirii fiecăruia &#8211; că atât Burke, cât şi Constant sau Tocqueville au fost, s-au considerat ca atare şi sunt unii dintre cei mai mari filozofi politici <em>liberali</em>.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Edmund Burke, deşi a fost transformat de Russel Kirk în părintele conservatorismului american, a fost în epocă un membru al partidei Whig şi nu al Tory, gruparea politică a conservatorilor. În această calitate, s-a implicat în disputa constituţională privind prerogativele monarhului, susţinând limitarea puterii regale; a avut un rol decisiv în eliminarea unor legi care restrângeau libertatea comerţului cu grâne, una dintre cauzele principale pentru care vor lupta liberalii manchesterieni de mai târziu; a criticat abuzurile East India Company (un monopol mercantilist) faţă de populaţia de pe subcontinentul indian; în sfârşit, fiind el însuşi pe jumătate irlandez, a susţinut emanciparea catolicilor, s-a împotrivit pedepsei capitale şi a criticat utilizarea curentă a toturii în cadrul pedesele aplicate în epocă.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Dar aproprierea lui Burke de către conservatori se face în temeiul opoziţiei sale faţă de Revoluţia franceză, uitându-se că începutul Revoluţiei a fost primit cu încântare şi entuziasm de politicianul englez, care vedea evenimentul ca pe o bătălie în favoarea libertăţii.  Numai odată cu excesele iacobine cvasi-totalitare ale revoluţionarilor francezi Burke devine un critic al mentalităţii constructiviste &#8211; cum va spune Friedrich A. Hayek, discipolul său spiritual din secolul XX -, autoritare şi sângeroase ale Revoluţiei.  Că Burke nu a fost, în plan politic, un conservator &#8211; fie şi în cel mai restrictiv sens al acestui termen &#8211; stă dovadă sprijinul său pentru Revoluţia americană şi pentru doleanţele revoluţionarilor americani &#8211; taxele prea ridicate percepute de Coroană în colonii.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Ca şi Burke, Benjamin Constant este un critic virulent al exceselor Revoluţiei, dar şi un apărător al ideilor liberale afirmate în prima etapă a acestui eveniment fundamental al istoriei europene şi mondiale. Constant &#8211; un cartofor şi un libertin &#8211; este cel care îmbogăţeşte gândirea liberală în lumina acestor evenimente teoretizând două mari pericole, de importanţă egală,  la adresa libertăţii individuale : despotismul monarhic sau autoritarismul unui grup restrâns cât şi despotismul maselor sau al democratiei absolute şi nelimitate. În aceasta constă valoarea şi perenitatea distincţiei făcute de Constant între libertatea anticilor şi a modernilor.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Ca personaj politic, Constant a întreţinut relaţii inconstante cu oamenii şi grupările politice ale timpului, dar niciodată cu ideile liberale. A fost un critic virulent al lui Napoleon, după care a încercat o reconciliere cu acesta în schimbul adoptării unei constituţii care ar fi limitat drastic, după o interpretare originală a  modelului britanic, puterea împăratului; a încercat o apropiere faţă de Ludovic al XVIII-lea, după ce acesta a anunţat adoptarea Cartei, dar a fost epurat de conservatori din guvern imediat după Restauraţie; în sfârşit, va susţine &#8220;Revoluţia din iulie&#8221; în 1830 şi pe &#8220;regele-cetăţean&#8221; Louis-Phillippe d’Orléans împotriva vechii dinastii a Bourbonilor.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Alexis de Tocqueville este cel care, în multe privinţe, preia ştafeta de la Contant în contextul francez. Este membru al partidului liberal, susţine ca deputat abolirea sclaviei şi reformarea administrării coloniale, este un participant activ la Revoluţia de la 1848, un critic al mişcăriii socialiste şi ministru de externe în guvernul provizoriu instalat în februarie; în sfârşit, când Ludovic Bonaparte va lua puterea prin lovitură de stat, eveniment care încheie aventura liberală franceză de la 1848, Tocqueville se va număra printre opozanţi, va fi arestat, încarcerat şi scos din viaţa publică.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Tocqueville a fost un aristocrat dintr-o familie veche, dar a susţinut întotdeauna poziţii liberale. Ca şi Constant, el întelege că Revoluţia din 1789 a reprezentat un amestec de idei bune şi de idei rele, dar că procesul declanşat cu această ocazie este inevitabil.  Vechiul Regim, centralist şi absolutist, a fost din nefericire înlocuit cu un regim caracterizat prin aceleaşi neajunsuri, cu singura excepţie că suveranitatea nu mai era monarhică şi divină, ci proclamată în numele poporului. Aşa cum îi demonstrează şi călătoria sa în Statele Unite, democraţia nelimitată, ca orice fel de putere politică nelimitată, nu este nepărat de preferat puterii nelimitate a unui singur om. Chestiunea de fond nu este cine deţine puterea, ci cât de mare este această putere şi cât de mult poate ea afecta libertatea indivizilor.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;">Tocqueville, Constant şi Burke, ca orice alţi mari gânditori, nu pot fi reduşi la o singură trăsătură de penel. Ei au încercat să înţeleagă evenimentele epocii lor, la care au participat din plin, reflectând în acelaşi timp asupra idealurilor umane universale. Cu siguranţă nu împărtăşeau aceleaşi idei asupra tuturor lucrurilor. Cu atât mai puţin aceleaşi gusturi, capricii sau moravuri. Libertinul Constant nu ar fi fost probabil invitatul preferat al lui Tocqueville la masă, şi invers. Dar în ce priveşte filozofia politică, este greu de ignorat convergenţa gândirii lor şi mesajul eminamente liberal al acestora, în sensul de baza, clasic, al acestui termen.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Georgia;"><strong>Bogdan C. Enache</strong></span></p>
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